Sentences, clauses, and word order
foundationBuild complete English clauses before adding longer grammar.
subject, verb, object, complement, and adverbialtoday
new
normal word order in statements
new
statements, questions, commands, and exclamations
new
joining clauses with and, but, or, because, if, and when
new
Nouns and noun phrases
foundationName people, things, groups, amounts, and relationships accurately.
count nouns, uncount nouns, and dual-use nouns
new
singular, plural, regular, and irregular noun forms
new
possessive 's and of phrases
new
compound nouns and noun modifiers
new
Determiners, articles, and quantifiers
foundationControl reference, amount, and specificity before the noun.
a, an, the, and zero article
new
this, that, these, those, and possessive determiners
new
- Study
many, much, few, little, all, every, each, both, either, and neither
new
Pronouns and reference
foundationRefer back to people and things without losing clarity.
subject, object, and possessive pronoun forms
new
reflexive and reciprocal pronouns
new
someone, anyone, everyone, no one, something, and nothing
new
it, there, one, and ones
new
Adjectives and comparison
foundationDescribe qualities, compare things, and place adjectives naturally.
adjectives before nouns and after linking verbs
new
order of multiple adjectives
new
comparatives and superlatives
new
too, enough, so, and such
new
Adverbs and adverbials
foundationAdd manner, time, place, frequency, degree, viewpoint, and links.
manner, place, time, frequency, and degree adverbs
new
front, middle, and end position for adverbs
new
comparative and superlative adverbs
new
however, therefore, also, still, and anyway
new
Prepositions, particles, and phrasal verbs
foundationControl relationships of place, time, movement, and verb particles.
at, in, on, over, under, between, among, and near
new
at, in, on, for, since, until, by, and during
new
to, into, onto, across, through, along, from, and toward
new
particles in phrasal verbs
new
Verbs, auxiliaries, and verb patterns
foundationChoose the right verb structure before choosing tense.
main verbs and auxiliary verbs
new
be, have, and do as main verbs and auxiliaries
new
transitive, intransitive, and linking verbs
new
verb patterns with objects, complements, to-infinitives, and -ing
new
Tense, aspect, and time
foundationTalk about now, habits, past events, experience, and future plans.
present simple and present progressive
new
past simple and past progressive
new
present perfect, past perfect, and perfect progressive
new
will, be going to, present progressive, and present simple for future time
new
Modal verbs and related meanings
intermediateExpress ability, permission, obligation, advice, probability, and attitude.
can, could, may, and be allowed to
new
must, have to, need to, and should
new
must, might, may, could, and can't for deduction
new
- Study
Passive voice and causative patterns
intermediateMove focus from the doer to the result, process, or affected person.
active and passive voice
new
passive forms across tense and aspect
new
- Study
have or get something done
new
Questions, negatives, short answers, and ellipsis
foundationAsk, answer, deny, and avoid repetition naturally.
yes/no questions and do support
new
wh-questions and subject questions
new
not, never, no, none, neither, and negative scope
new
short answers, so/neither responses, and ellipsis
new
Reported speech and reporting verbs
intermediateReport statements, questions, requests, thoughts, and instructions.
reported statements and tense backshift
new
- Study
reported commands and requests
new
reporting verb patterns
new
Conditionals, wishes, and unreal meaning
intermediateTalk about rules, real possibilities, unreal situations, regrets, and wishes.
zero and first conditionals
new
second and third conditionals
new
- Study
wish, if only, and subjunctive patterns
new
Infinitives, -ing forms, and participles
intermediateUse non-finite verb forms for purpose, complement, reduction, and description.
to-infinitives for purpose, complement, and result
new
bare infinitives after modals, let, make, and help
new
-ing forms as subjects, objects, and complements
new
present, past, perfect, and passive participle clauses
new
Relative, noun, and adverbial clauses
intermediateBuild longer sentences without losing reference or logic.
defining and non-defining relative clauses
new
that clauses, wh-clauses, and indirect questions
new
time, reason, contrast, purpose, result, and concession clauses
new
reduced relative and adverbial clauses
new
Information structure, emphasis, and discourse
advancedControl focus, contrast, flow, and spoken interaction.
fronting and inversion
new
it-clefts, wh-clefts, and focus clauses
new
existential there and anticipatory it
new
spoken and written discourse markers
new
Advanced grammar, register, and style
advancedAdapt grammar for conversation, work messages, academic text, and formal writing.
advanced noun phrase packaging
new
stance, hedging, certainty, and evaluation
new
conversation grammar: fragments, tails, tags, and response tokens
new
punctuation, clause boundaries, and sentence rhythm
new
